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Carnival Ride From Hell: 1911

January 1911. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. "A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 'Breaker boys' remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children by labor reformer John Spargo:

        Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”          The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners’ consumption.

        I once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a 12-year-old boy was doing day after day, for 10 hours at a stretch, for 60 cents a day. The gloom of the breaker appalled me. Outside the sun shone brightly, the air was pellucid, and the birds sang in chorus with the trees and the rivers. Within the breaker there was blackness, clouds of deadly dust enfolded everything, the harsh, grinding roar of the machinery and the ceaseless rushing of coal through the chutes filled the ears. I tried to pick out the pieces of slate from the hurrying stream of coal, often missing them; my hands were bruised and cut in a few minutes; I was covered from head to foot with coal dust, and for many hours afterwards I was expectorating some of the small particles of anthracite I had swallowed.

        I could not do that work and live, but there were boys of 10 and 12 years of age doing it for 50 and 60 cents a day. Some of them had never been inside of a school; few of them could read a child’s primer. True, some of them attended the night schools, but after working 10 hours in the breaker the educational results from attending school were practically nil. “We goes fer a good time, an’ we keeps de guys wot’s dere hoppin’ all de time,” said little Owen Jones, whose work I had been trying to do.

        From the breakers the boys graduate to the mine depths, where they become door tenders, switch boys, or mule drivers. Here, far below the surface, work is still more dangerous. At 14 or 15 the boys assume the same risks as the men, and are surrounded by the same perils. Nor is it in Pennsylvania only that these conditions exist. In the bituminous mines of West Virginia, boys of 9 or 10 are frequently employed. I met one little fellow 10 years old in Mount Carbon, West Virginia, last year, who was employed as a “trap boy.” Think of what it means to be a trap boy at 10 years of age. It means to sit alone in a dark mine passage hour after hour, with no human soul near; to see no living creature except the mules as they pass with their loads, or a rat or two seeking to share one’s meal; to stand in water or mud that covers the ankles, chilled to the marrow by the cold draughts that rush in when you open the trap door for the mules to pass through; to work for 14 hours — waiting — opening and shutting a door — then waiting again for 60 cents; to reach the surface when all is wrapped in the mantle of night, and to fall to the earth exhausted and have to be carried away to the nearest “shack” to be revived before it is possible to walk to the farther shack called “home.”

        Boys 12 years of age may be legally employed in the mines of West Virginia, by day or by night, and for as many hours as the employers care to make them toil or their bodies will stand the strain. Where the disregard of child life is such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe what miners have again and again told me — that there are hundreds of little boys of 9 and 10 years of age employed in the coal mines of this state.
-- John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (New York: Macmillan, 1906)

January 1911. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. "A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 'Breaker boys' remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children by labor reformer John Spargo:

        Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”

 

Breaker Boys: 1911

January 1911. "Group of boys working in No. 9 Breaker. Pennsylvania Coal Co., Hughestown Borough, Pittston, Pennsylvania. Smallest is Sam Belloma, Pine Street." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

January 1911. "Group of boys working in No. 9 Breaker. Pennsylvania Coal Co., Hughestown Borough, Pittston, Pennsylvania. Smallest is Sam Belloma, Pine Street." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Tobacco Tim: 1917

August 6, 1917. "10 year old picker on Gildersleeve Tobacco Farm. Gildersleeve, Connecticut." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

August 6, 1917. "10 year old picker on Gildersleeve Tobacco Farm. Gildersleeve, Connecticut." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Olden Arches: 1936

April 1936. "Housing conditions in crowded parts of Milwaukee. Housing under the Wisconsin Avenue viaduct." Another look at the F. Knop Tavern, last seen here. Nitrate negative by Carl Mydans for the Resettlement Administration. View full size.

April 1936. "Housing conditions in crowded parts of Milwaukee. Housing under the Wisconsin Avenue viaduct." Another look at the F. Knop Tavern, last seen here. Nitrate negative by Carl Mydans for the Resettlement Administration. View full size.

 

Terry's Coffee Shop: 1941

September 1941. "Transport truck in service station. Scottsbluff, Nebraska." Medium format acetate negative by Marion Post Wolcott for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

September 1941. "Transport truck in service station. Scottsbluff, Nebraska." Medium format acetate negative by Marion Post Wolcott for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Cream City: 1936

April 1936. "Rear of houses at 711 West State Street. Milwaukee Vocational School in background." Photo by Carl Mydans for the Resettlement Administration. View full size.

April 1936. "Rear of houses at 711 West State Street. Milwaukee Vocational School in background." Photo by Carl Mydans for the Resettlement Administration. View full size.

 

F. Knop Tavern: 1936

April 1936. "Housing conditions in crowded parts of Milwaukee. Housing under Wisconsin Avenue viaduct." Photo by Carl Mydans for the Resettlement Administration. View full size.

April 1936. "Housing conditions in crowded parts of Milwaukee. Housing under Wisconsin Avenue viaduct." Photo by Carl Mydans for the Resettlement Administration. View full size.

 

Muskogee Yards: 1939

July 1939. "Railroad yards. Muskogee, Oklahoma." Medium format acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

July 1939. "Railroad yards. Muskogee, Oklahoma." Medium format acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Derby From Ansonia: 1940

November 1940. "View of Derby, Connecticut, from the Ansonia side of the Naugatuck River." Acetate negative by Jack Delano for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

November 1940. "View of Derby, Connecticut, from the Ansonia side of the Naugatuck River." Acetate negative by Jack Delano for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Pine Camp: 1941

August 1941. "Pine Camp military area, near Watertown, N.Y. Removal of farm families and relocation in new sections with the aid of the New York Defense Relocation Corporation. Two of the children of Mr. Earl J. Brown helping to get the last few belongings out of their farm in the Pine Camp expansion area." Medium format acetate negative by Jack Delano. View full size.

August 1941. "Pine Camp military area, near Watertown, N.Y. Removal of farm families and relocation in new sections with the aid of the New York Defense Relocation Corporation. Two of the children of Mr. Earl J. Brown helping to get the last few belongings out of their farm in the Pine Camp expansion area." Medium format acetate negative by Jack Delano. View full size.

 

DeLand Links: 1905

Circa 1905. "Golf -- College Arms Hotel, DeLand, Florida." Back before golf carts, there was the golf train. 8x10 inch dry plate glass negative, Detroit Photographic Company. View full size.

Circa 1905. "Golf -- College Arms Hotel, DeLand, Florida." Back before golf carts, there was the golf train. 8x10 inch dry plate glass negative, Detroit Photographic Company. View full size.

 

Route 99: 1939

April 1939. "U.S. 99 on ridge over Tehachapi Mountains. Heavy truck route between Los Angeles and San Joaquin Valley over which migrants travel back and forth." 4x5 inch nitrate negative by Dorothea Lange for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

April 1939. "U.S. 99 on ridge over Tehachapi Mountains. Heavy truck route between Los Angeles and San Joaquin Valley over which migrants travel back and forth." 4x5 inch nitrate negative by Dorothea Lange for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Manhasset 346: 1942

May 12, 1942. "William S. Paley, residence in Manhasset, Long Island, New York. Library, telephone table." 5x7 acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.

May 12, 1942. "William S. Paley, residence in Manhasset, Long Island, New York. Library, telephone table." 5x7 acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.

 

When Frilly Met Paley: 1942

September 19, 1942. "William S. Paley, residence in Manhasset, Long Island. Mrs. Paley's bedroom, to bed." 5x7 acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.
        Dorothy Hearst Paley was sketched by Matisse, photographed by Cecil Beaton and Horst, listed as one of the world's best-dressed women and featured in Vogue and Harper's Bazaar. She decorated Kiluna Farm, the Paleys' 85-acre estate in Manhasset, with a saltwater pool and an indoor tennis court, lining the walls with their growing collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. Twenty-two servants looked after the house, gardens and greenhouse. (N.Y. Times)

September 19, 1942. "William S. Paley, residence in Manhasset, Long Island. Mrs. Paley's bedroom, to bed." 5x7 acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.

        Dorothy Hearst Paley was sketched by Matisse, photographed by Cecil Beaton and Horst, listed as one of the world's best-dressed women and featured in Vogue and Harper's Bazaar. She decorated Kiluna Farm, the Paleys' 85-acre estate in Manhasset, with a saltwater pool and an indoor tennis court, lining the walls with their growing collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. Twenty-two servants looked after the house, gardens and greenhouse. (N.Y. Times)

 

Chez Chintz: 1942

May 12, 1942. "William S. Paley, residence in Manhasset, Long Island, New York. Living room, to large window." Large-format acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.

May 12, 1942. "William S. Paley, residence in Manhasset, Long Island, New York. Living room, to large window." Large-format acetate negative by Gottscho-Schleisner. View full size.

 
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